The Eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815

The Eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 The colossal emission of Mount Tambora in April 1815 was the most remarkable volcanic ejection of the nineteenth century. The emission and the tidal waves it activated murdered a huge number of individuals. The size of the blast itself is hard to understand. It has been assessed that Mount Tambora stood around 12,000 feet tall before the 1815 emission when the top third of the mountain was totally devastated. Adding to the debacles huge scope, the enormous measure of residue impacted into the upper climate by the Tambora emission added to a peculiar and exceptionally damaging climate occasion the next year. The year 1816 got known as ​the year without a mid year. The fiasco on the remote island of Sumbawa in the Indian Ocean has been eclipsed by the ejection of the well of lava at Krakatoa decades later, mostly in light of the fact that the updates on Krakatoa voyaged rapidly by means of transmit. Records of the Tambora emission were extensively rarer, yet some striking ones do exist. An executive of the East India Company, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was filling in as legislative leader of Java at that point, distributed a striking record of the catastrophe dependent on composed reports he had gathered from English merchants and military faculty. Beginnings of the Mount Tambora Disaster The island of Sumbawa, home to Mount Tambora, is situated in present-day Indonesia. At the point when the island was first found by Europeans, the mountain was believed to be a wiped out spring of gushing lava. In any case, around three years before the 1815 emission, the mountain appeared to wake up. Thunderings were felt, and a dull smoky cloud showed up on the culmination. On April 5, 1815, the well of lava started to emit. English merchants and voyagers heard the sound and from the outset believed it to be the terminating of gun. There was a dread that an ocean fight was being battled close by. The Massive Eruption of Mount Tambora On the night of April 10, 1815, the ejections escalated, and a gigantic significant emission started to blow the well of lava separated. Seen from a settlement around 15 miles toward the east, it appeared that three sections of flares shot into the sky. As per an observer on an island around 10 miles toward the south, the whole mountain seemed to transform into fluid fire. Stones of pumice in excess of six crawls in distance across started to descend upon neighboring islands. Fierce breezes impelled by the ejections struck settlements like ​hurricanes, and a few reports asserted that the breeze and sound-activated little seismic tremors. Waves radiating from the island of Tambora annihilated settlements on different islands, executing a huge number of individuals. Examinations by current archeologists have discovered that an island culture on Sumbawa was totally cleared out by the Mount Tambora emission. Composed Reports of Mount Tamboras Eruption As the ejection of Mount Tambora happened before correspondence by broadcast, records of the disturbance were delayed to arrive at Europe and North America. The British legislative leader of Java, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was learning a gigantic sum about the local occupants of the neighborhood islands while composing his 1817 book History of Java, gathered records of the emission. Pools started his record of the Mount Tambora ejection by noticing the disarray about the wellspring of the underlying sounds: The main blasts were heard on this Island at night of the fifth of April, they were seen in each quarter, and proceeded at stretches until the next day. The commotion was in the principal case generally credited to far off gun; to such an extent, that a unit of troops were walked from Djocjocarta [a close by province] in the desire that a neighboring post was assaulted. What's more, along the coast pontoons were in two cases dispatched in mission of an alleged boat in trouble. After the underlying blast was heard, Raffles said it was assumed that the emission was no more noteworthy than other volcanic ejections in that district. Be that as it may, he noticed that on the night of April 10 very uproarious blasts were heard and a lot of residue started to tumble from the sky. Different workers of the East India Company in the district were guided by Raffles to submit reports about the repercussions of the ejection. The records are chilling. One letter submitted to Raffles portrays how, on the morning of April 12, 1815, no daylight was obvious at 9 a.m. on a close by island. The sun had been altogether darkened by volcanic residue in the environment. A letter from an Englishman on the island of Sumanap depicted how, on the evening of April 11, 1815, by four oclock it was important to light candles. It stayed dull until the following evening. Around fourteen days after the ejection, a British official sent to convey rice to the island of Sumbawa made an investigation of the island. He announced seeing various cadavers and far reaching demolition. Neighborhood occupants were getting sick, and many had as of now passed on of appetite. A nearby ruler, the Rajah of Saugar, gave his record of the disturbance to British official Lieutenant Owen Phillips. He depicted three segments of blazes emerging from the mountain when it emitted on April 10, 1815. Clearly depicting the magma stream, the Rajah said the mountain began to seem like an assemblage of fluid fire, expanding itself toward each path. The Rajah likewise portrayed the impact of the breeze released by the emission: Somewhere in the range of nine and ten p.m. cinders started to fall, and not long after a savage hurricane resulted, which blew down almost every house in the town of Saugar, conveying the tops and light parts alongside it. I n the piece of Saugar abutting [Mount Tambora] its belongings were substantially more savage, destroying by the roots the biggest trees and conveying them into the air along with men, houses, dairy cattle, and whatever else drew near its impact. This will represent the colossal number of drifting trees seen adrift. The ocean rose about twelve feet higher than it had ever been known to be previously, and totally ruined the main little spots of rice arrives in Saugar, clearing ceaselessly houses and everything inside its span. Overall Effects of the Mount Tambora Eruption In spite of the fact that it would not be obvious for over a century, the ejection of Mount Tambora added to one of the most noticeably awful climate related calamities of the nineteenth century. The next year, 1816, got known as the Year Without a Summer. The residue particles impacted into the upper climate from Mount Tambora were conveyed via air flows and spread over the world. By the fall of 1815, shockingly hued dusks were being seen in London. Also, the next year the climate designs in Europe and North America changed radically. While the winter of 1815 and 1816 was genuinely common, the spring of 1816 turned odd. Temperatures didn't ascend true to form, and freezing temperatures persevered in certain spots well into the late spring months. Across the board crop disappointments caused hunger and even starvation in certain spots. The emission of Mount Tambora in this manner may have caused across the board setbacks on the contrary side of the world.

Martial Art School for Kids

Presentation Martial expressions are broad framework including a few systematized practices and conventions of battling. It is typically polished for a few reasons, some of which incorporate for self preservation, physical wellbeing, wellness, and at times rivalry (Micah, 2007, 7-15).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Martial Art School for Kids explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A section from that, a few people accept it as a psychological and profound turn of events. Be that as it may, in the cutting edge society, this term hand to hand fighting has been significantly connected with battling craftsmanship, all the more so from the eastern piece of Asia. There is have to inquire about on why more individuals are joining hand to hand fighting class so as to adapt these days. The inquiry is: the reason there are such a large number of individuals keen on learning military workmanship, yet there is no military school for kids. Guardians hav e a specific level of expert on what their youngsters may do or not do. Consequently, with regards to hand to hand fighting, guardians will in general gander at the wellbeing of their youngsters, on account of what it includes. Hand to hand fighting specialists will disclose to you that, guardians really put their youngsters in an increasingly risky circumstance when they don't urge them to do military craftsmanship. Then again, more established individuals do military workmanship inferable from for wellbeing reasons and helpful as opposed to self protection (Micah, 2007, pp.16-36). Subsequently, this is a theme that requires broad research, due to the essentialness of the training not exclusively to grown-ups, yet in addition to small kids, in light of the fact that simply like grown-ups, kids additionally need to practice and have military workmanship abilities. Target of the Research This goal of this exploration is to attempt to clarify why inclines in this industry shows that i ndividuals are done looking for hand to hand fighting classes fundamentally for barrier abilities, on the grounds that in most present social orders individuals are fairly determined by different reasons, which incorporate wellness, entertainment and others. Also, why have more guardians chose to enlist their kids so as to keep them dynamic and fit, while the older look for administrations to expand their equalization and coordination. My proposition on this record is that; in light of the battling like practices associated with this workmanship, numerous individuals accept military craftsmanship as a hazardous and perilous thing to do.Advertising Looking for investigate paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They don't see different advantages separated from increasing self protection aptitudes. Albeit gradually, individuals have begun to understand different preferences of this training, not many people are prepared to travel this street, more with regards to their children, on account of the dread of ingraining in their children, rehearses that may jeopardize their lives. Essential Data Collection Method In request to do a get the significant and right data/information in the exploration, there must be an appropriate system of getting the necessary data, more from parties that are concerned, specifically guardians and children. Since the issue and the target of the exploration have been expressed, coming up next are the means to be taken in the examination procedure (Russel, 2006, pp.23-68). First is to know, which examine technique to use in inquiring about. There are a few research strategies to be utilized that can be examination inquire about techniques, subjective research strategy, quantitative research strategy, inspecting research technique or precise research strategy. Every one of these strategies share the accompanying thing for all intents and purpose; they are worried ab out assortment of information/data and they give techniques for dissecting the wellsprings of information. Furthermore, these strategies unmistakably characterize how to get data from the sources, techniques for investigating and deciphering the information gathered, lastly how to introduce the procured outcomes, all together for perusers of any exploration work to comprehend the specific result of the examination work (Ian, 2008, pp.12-35). In this examination study, there is have to know the current data. This will empower one to realize what sort of data to look into. The statistical surveying will happen in a previously settled military workmanship schools and coming up next are the essential information assortment strategies to be utilized. To begin with, perception is the primary wellspring of data in the field of research. This will be finished by methods for mechanical, gadgets, and human techniques, which either include immediate or aberrant contact.Advertising We will comp ose a custom research paper test on Martial Art School for Kids explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy includes looking and listening cautiously so as to find specific data subsequent to dissecting their conduct. This kind of information assortment strategy will offer the chance to record the objective gathering conduct legitimately. It follows that the data gathered through this strategy is exact when contrasted with the rest. A portion of its hindrances are that, it is costly and tedious when contrasted with other essential techniques for information assortment. Additionally, the data gathered could be misshaped with biasness and the thinking about the agent. Such is the situation, since probabilities of the considerable number of respondents giving definite data about this subject is uncommon, because of the way that, various people hold various recognitions about his theme (Weller, 1988, pp. 9 †23). The other essential information assortment te chnique that will be utilized in this examination work is close to home meeting. For this situation, a survey will be utilized as information assortment apparatus. There are two different ways to utilize the survey. To start with, it will be sent to the respondents who will fill in the data required by addressing the inquiries posed in it. At the point when they are done, they will be gathered by the specialist or they can send them back. The other that polls will be utilized is by the specialist sorting out and meeting with the respondents, after which the respondents will be posed the inquiries as the scientist fills them, as a method of getting criticism. This is progressively proper when the focused on bunch is uneducated (can't peruse or compose) (Russel, 2006, pp. 15-46). When contrasted with up close and personal meetings, this sort of strategy will be financially savvy, it will be recognizable to the vast majority, and it will decrease any center man biasness that originates from closely-held convictions affected by the respondent (Weller, 1988, pp. 12-33). Nonetheless, this technique will be tedious and very costly, as a result of the development that will be included. It tends to be likewise scary to certain individuals who may think that its awkward to sharing some data that the poll requires, taking into account this is a subject that is seen contrastingly by the whole society (Sirch, 200,pp.12-36).Advertising Searching for examine paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More A third technique that will be utilized is phone meet. This is one of the most vital essential information assortment techniques. As Weller (1988, pp. 16-24) contends, this technique is easy to utilize (choosing phone numbers, call timing, call results and call reports), and it is notable as predominant and most financially savvy in light of the fact that. This is on the grounds that, this techniques has end up being to give high odds of arriving at the respondents from everywhere throughout the world; it spares time utilized in voyaging and all the included expenses. What's more, through this strategy, more data can be gathered in a brief period and there are high odds of arbitrary determination of units among the populace with phone associations (Ian, 2008, pp. 22-36). Be that as it may, it has the accompanying inadequacies. Right off the bat, it is difficult to utilize visual guides from some populace and the high likelihood of suspending discussions may result to inadequate meeti ngs; henceforth, the nature of data acquired may not be precise. Optional information assortment strategies Secondary information assortment techniques are simpler and more affordable, since they utilize recycled information (Weller, 1988, pp. 23-52). For this situation, the practical objectives are the children and grown-ups in the city who need to learn military craftsmanship, so as to assemble their self-assurance. The techniques that will be fundamental for this examination will be situated in on contender ‘current system that will follow the different roads that one can use to get the data about the competitors’ current procedures. These techniques incorporate yearly reports, data they provide for the press and some other type of meetings that will be finished by investigators among others. Generally, auxiliary information is gathered from effectively accessible information from magazines, diaries, and entries. Another auxiliary wellspring of information will be th e socioeconomics information broke down from U.S statistics. The information assortment instrument will be planned in a manner to disentangle information arrangement and it ought to be figured so that it is anything but difficult to utilize. These incorporate utilizing meeting guides; perception agenda, center gathering conversation aides, poll, and the overview structures, more when there will be have to gather data from fields (Ian, 2008, pp. 22-59). The poll for the military craftsmanship for kind promoting research is as per the following. Target populace This is a particular gathering of individuals that is recognized as the planned beneficiary of an item, promotion, battle, or research. They are here and there known as target crowd. The intended interest group can be made out of individuals of specific age gathering, sexual orientation, young people, females, singles, and conjugal status. There ought to be alert since it is conceivable to commit an error in attempting to arriv e at everyone and winding up speaking to none (Weller, 1988, pp.16-43). This military workmanship school for youngsters research’s target populace is the two children and grown-up. They can be either enlisted for the military craftsmanship or not yet. This examination undertaking principally targets picks those individuals who are joined up with

Ill bet you got waylaid!

I’ll bet you got waylaid! DID YOU KNOW? The airport in Portland, Oregon has free wireless. I have discovered this on my way back from a West Coast chemical engineering graduate school of some repute. My return flight through Chicago was cancelled due to Chicago being buried under 20 stories of golfball-sized hail with frogs inside. Or at least thats what I have chosen to believe. So Im flying back to Boston by way of Portland, Oregon and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No, I dont know why. Perhaps The Madman Who Makes People Fly had something to do with my flight scheduling. Anyway, as I see it, Ive got three things to celebrate: 1. Free wireless 2. Jennifer Hudson just won an Academy Award 3. I am eating french fries dipped into Frosty right now and they are delicious So, to celebrate, tomorrow Im going to update this entry to blog about my CLASS SCHEDULE for this term! In the meantime, Ill be reading Schachnovelle by Stefan Zweig on my overnight redeye (or are those two things mutually exclusive?). Catch you on the East Coast! Word. So, my visit went pretty wellalthough I was a little surprised by how different the schools research philosophy was from that of MIT, I guess after four years it might be nice to get a different perspective on my major. Plus, you cant really beat the weatherI ran up what must have been 2,000 miles of hills with MIT alum Priya 05 on Saturday wearing only shorts and a t-shirt. In February! Anyway, the worst part of the whole ordeal was the 25 hour odyssey it took to get from my hotel room to my bed in Burton-Conner. It took me over 5 minutes to spell the word odyssey correctly. Anyway, as promised, here are my thoughts on my (three) classes this term. Hey, I must be 66% as awesome as Bryan! 10.392J: Fundamentals of Advanced Energy Conversion What a cool name for a class. I feel so smart just being in a class with that name, to be honest. Anyway, so far its just been a review of all the energy and thermodynamics classes that Ive already taken, except kind of stuck together, like maybe spot-welded together. But in the end Joe 08 and I get to write an AWESOME 20-page report together, which should be really fun because hes a junior and still cares about grades! This is also the first grad class that Im taking on purpose at MIT. 10.491 Integrated Chemical Engineering II I found out this weekend that every other school in the country just calls this design or process operations, but at MIT, where all but the hardest classes are designated with numbers, it just sounds so much more fearsome to call it ICE. Anyway, ICE isnt actually as hard as its made out to be. In fact, I wish I could take it for the next 8 semesters; that way I would eventually be in ICE-nine. Oh man, Im clever. But seriously, folks, this class rocks this term. Instead of using some made-up data for our project, were modeling actual coal plants using Aspen and contributing to an MIT Coal Study that will actually be presented to the US Department of Energy by our professor. How bad can that be? 21F.404: German IV OH MAN THIS CLASS IS SO HARD. Seriously, its stomping a mudhole in me. I think the problem is that German I, II, and III were mostly filled with Americans who were learning broken German, and then they all decided to stop taking German, leaving Ling and I stuck with a bunch of native speakers who use the phrase überhaupt nicht like its going out of style. Luckily, I have one more Junior-Senior P/D/F option left. Also, as a point of interest, the Chinese department introduced the streamlined option to prevent native speakers from making everybody feel as depressed as I do, every single day in German IV. See any other interesting classes in the course catalog that you could recommend to me? Guess what? Im not going to take them! Whoooo! Seniors! But do like Marilee Jones said and dont stop working just because you got into MITyou have to wait until you get into grad school before you can start slacking.

The Patient Protection Affordable Care Act Essay - 1648 Words

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, more commonly known as Obamacare, was passed in June of 2010 by the Supreme Court (Doyle 1). Georges C. Benjamin, MD, the executive director of the Public Health Association says: The new law will guarantee millions of Americans access to quality, affordable care regardless of health status; decrease rates of the nation’s leading chronic diseases; control soaring health spending; and strengthen our battered public health infrastructure†¦ Health reform and its historic investment in prevention will help us achieve the promise we made to give our children a higher quality of life than we have (ProCon.org). This new bill includes an individual mandate requiring all uninsured individuals to†¦show more content†¦With the new act, insurance companies are no longer able to deny coverage to anyone based on their history of illnesses, current mental health illnesses, or potential future development of an illness. Along with coverage of pre-existing conditions and prohibiting insurance companies to cancel coverage if a person becomes ill, the act is the first act in history that â€Å"ensures that mental health and substance abuse treatment servic es are required benefits in all basic health insurance packages† providing health for a much wider range of people (ProCon.org). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act â€Å"prohibits all health plans, including grandfathered plans, from rescinding a health insurance policy once one is covered† (ProCon.org). The only possible reason for a health insurance policy to rescind ones coverage is if â€Å"the enrollee has committed fraud or made an ‘intentional misrepresentation of material fact† (ProCon.org). The universal coverage by this new act is a major benefit in the structure of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. When determining if the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is beneficial for America or not, it is important to look at both sides of the argument. There are many positives that provide a strong argument supporting the bill. When the bill was initially proposed, President Obama assured Americans that, if they so choose , they would be able to keep their same doctor andShow MoreRelatedThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1057 Words   |  5 PagesMaureen Omondi Patrick Gilbert Govt 2305 5 February 2015 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable care Act also known as Affordable Care Act, Obama Care and ACA is an act signed into law by the current president of the United States, Barack Obama in March 23, 2010. Beginning in 2014, any failure to purchase minimum coverage will result in a person being fined. 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Creative Writing Her Childhood Home - 1829 Words

Hazard gritted his teeth as he pulled the car to a stop. Roddy rubbed his shoulder sympathetically. Itll be fine, he soothed. Hazard snorted and shut off the engine. He looked up at the large house before them, nervous to reunite with his relatives. Roddy smiled reassuringly and pushed open his door. Come on, love, he said. The longer you put it off, the harder itll be to finally do it. Hazard sighed and slid out of the car. I know. As Zak got out of the car, he nervously straightened his sportcoat. How do I look? he asked. He was dressed in a gray sportcoat over a light blue dress shirt and darker gray dress pants. Like a gentleman, Zak replied with a smile. Stop worrying so much. Thats easier said than done, baby doll, Hazard said. Come here. He put his arm around the young mans waist and pulled him in for a kiss. A sudden yell startled them. Hey! No making out in the driveway! The two looked over. Hazards face split in a grin when he saw who was jogging out toward them. August! August grinned and opened his arms as he approached his older brother. Hazard pulled him into a tight hug. Damn, its been forever since I last saw you, he said. I know, August laughed. Its insane. We should head out to dinner together or something to catch up. Damn straight, Hazard replied. Hows life been treating you, bud? Lifes good. How have you been? Better than ever. The younger man laughed. Thats great to hear! From behind them, Zak, who heldShow MoreRelatedThe Secret Of Relationship885 Words   |  4 Pagesconflicts, is about unhealed childhood wounds. I have found with my clients, and in my life, that nearly all the problems in relationships have to do with unhealed childhood issues. When wounds are not healed they are projected onto others and until we can own what is our behavior, we cannot get along and we cannot evolve, thus the wars, internalized oppression, that is projected onto others. It doesn t matter what your faith is. 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If a person gets everything given to them such as a rich person, they don’t have to

Ancient Roman Foods Free Essays

During the times of ancient Rome and its glory days of ruling the world, the foods were the same as the lifestyle was: â€Å"simple and austere. † The people of the time were just simply not worried about feeling the need to eat fast and move on to better things than eating. They were significantly more concerned with enjoying the food sitting on the table in front of them and enjoying the moment. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Roman Foods or any similar topic only for you Order Now By enjoying their meals, they were able to enjoy the other components of their lives and from there, to essentially enjoy life to its fullest. â€Å"Carpe diem. Essentially, they enjoyed the most simple things in life. Nowadays, people are far more concerned with living a fast-paced lifestyle filled with luxury, money, and speed than tasting and savoring the many flavors present in their foods. Moreover, the foods during those ancient times were a lot healthier, consisting of mostly grains and vegetables. Now in our present society, while there is much more variety to the things we eat, there are also a lot more fats, greases, and various oils. Tons of present day traditions hold meat in the highest regard of any other food group. We enjoy that most meals include some sort of meat, and more often than not, a very large amount of it if not multiple kinds of meat. People hold barbeques where the main event is the meat being cooked on the smoky grill surrounded by laughter. The meat actually brings people together and leads to a feeling of belonging and happiness. In stark contrast, dining during ancient times rarely even had any meat at all. There are records of people complaining when they had to rely on meat to eat as opposed to their normal delicacies of delicious vegetables. They simply did not like the taste or texture. For people concerned with enjoying their food to the fullest, this is a terrible dilemma. It is not one our society can easily understand. We see it every single day on television, we hear it on the radio, and we create our own experiences of many children’s complete and utter distaste for various varieties of vegetables. Many children and people detest anything green, some children and people hate carrots for reasons of their own, and a few people and children despise all vegetables in general. In ncient Rome however, everyone simply loved vegetables. It was these very vegetables that were eaten the most often. Cato tells us that raw vegetables were often eaten with vinegar and cooked vegetables were often eaten with Olive Oil. These additions added flavor and were far more healthy than the additives with which we have made ourselves familiar in modern day. Additional contrast shows the additional fats present nowadays because of our society’s love for butter and many other additives that contain various fats, unnecessary carbohydrates, and other disgusting oils. Odd to think about for modern American’s is that Romans were not familiar with potatoes, wheat as from the America’s, and corn. We often see thee items present in most modern meals in some form or another. Almost every fast food meal from any fast food restaurant comes with French Fries unless another â€Å"healthier† option is specifically selected by the consumer making the order. The closest alternative during Roman times was bread, which was used for most traditions including wedding ceremonies and other important events to the people. Another American tradition includes that of consuming alcohol, sometimes so much as on the daily. Whether for a party or some sort of escape from reality in excessively depressive situations, people flock to the bars and night clubs periodically for an alcoholic therapy of sorts. In the past during those times, Romans would drink wine with every single meal, but it was not for the same reasons as are present in modern times. They enjoyed the wide range of flavors present in the wines for the same reasons that they tried to enjoy their foods to the fullest: they simply wanted to enjoy their lives. They would drink wine as frequently as present-day society enjoys soda, water, and tea when we go out to eat and even in our homes after grocery shopping. The increase in traditional use and consumption of bread also increased that of wine. In all reality throughout the decades, in history and in present, this makes sense. When you eat more bread, you are bound to be thirstier, and wine then comes into play as a quencher for that thirst. Especially during those times, the bread was excessively coarse and made of rough grain. It was far rougher than the grain with which we have familiarized ourselves with now. It caused a drying out of the mouth even worse than we are now familiar with. During the times of ancient Rome and its marvelous glory days of ruling the world, the foods were the same as the lifestyle was: â€Å"simple and austere. † The people of the time were just simply not worried about feeling the need to eat fast and move on to better things than eating. They were significantly more concerned with enjoying the food sitting on the table in front of them and enjoying the moment. By enjoying their meals, they were able to enjoy the other components of their lives and from there, to essentially enjoy life to its fullest. Carpe diem. † They enjoyed the most simple things in life. Nowadays, people are far more concerned with living a fast-paced lifestyle filled with luxury, money, and speed than tasting and savoring the many flavors present in their foods. Moreover, the foods during those ancient times were a lot healthier, consisting of mostly grains and vegetables. No w in our present society, while there is much more variety to the things we eat, there are also a lot more fats, greases, and oils. It was easier to live and let live during those times, and it can all be shown in their food and dining. How to cite Ancient Roman Foods, Papers

Mtv Networks the Arabian Challenge Essay Example

Mtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge Essay ICMR Case Collection Co p y Icfai Center for Management Research MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge o D . N ot BSTR294 Teaching Note ? 2009, Icfai Center for Management Research. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means- electronic or mechanical, without permission. To order copies, call +91-40-2343-0462/63 or write to Icfai Center for Management Research, Plot # 49, Nagarjuna Hills, Hyderabad 500 082, India or email [emailprotected] rg. Website: www. icmrindia. org BSTR/294 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge TEACHING NOTE ABSTRACT Co p y MTV Networks (MTVN) had over the years developed a reputation for its ability to provide localized content without diluting what MTV stood for. However, the company faced the most challenging test in late 2007 with its launch of MTV Arabia in the Middle East, which some experts considered as the biggest launch in the channelà ¢â‚¬â„¢s history. While the market in the Middle East offered MTVN with huge opportunities due to its huge youth populace, MTV’s controversial content that was known for angering religious, political, and conservative communities could easily backfire in the conservative environment prevalent in the region. On the other hand, too much localization to suit the tastes of the region could dilute MTV’s global brand. The case discusses in detail the strategy adopted by MTVN to enter and expand in the Middle East and also the challenges faced by the channel. The case will help the students to: t TEACHING OBJECTIVES TARGET AUDIENCE Understand the issues and challenges in entering and expanding operations in new markets which were culturally different from the organizations home/traditional/existing markets. †¢ Understand the pros and cons of entering a new market with a standardized/adapted product to suit local preferences. †¢ Analyze MTVN’s strategy in the Middle East, ident ify challenges and explore strategies that the channel could adopt in the future D o N †¢ This case is meant for students of the MBA/MS level programs in the Business Strategy curriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on Mtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The case is also suitable for International Business/International Marketing/Brand Management curriculum. TEACHING APPROACH AND STRATEGY This case can be used effectively in classroom discussions as well as in distance learning programs. In the classroom mode, the case moderator can initiate the discussion by giving a brief introduction about the MTV and the channels experience in global markets. This can be followed by a discussion on the localization strategy adopted by MTV in various markets and the challenges it faced while lauching in the Middle East. The students can further analyze the strategy adopted by MTV in the Middle East and the challenges it faced in expanding its operations in the region. The moderator can take the discussion further with the help of the following questions. 1 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge 1. Experts felt that one of the biggest challenges faced by MTV while launching MTV Arabia was the prevalent culture in the Arab world. Discuss the Arab culture. How is it expected to pose a challenge to MTV? 2. Critically analyze MTV’s strategy in the Middle East. Comment on its entry strategy and also its strategy of providing mixed content to the market. Do you think MTV will be able to succeed in this market? Suggested Student Assignment: Do a SWOT analysis of MTV Arabia. What should the company do to mitigate the risks while taking advantage of the opportunities presented by the market? ANALYSIS 1. Experts felt that one of the biggest challenges faced by MTV while launching MTV Arabia was the prevalent culture in the Arab world. Discuss the Arab culture. How is it expected to pose a challenge to MTV? Co p y The Arab world contains 22 countries – Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen – and stretches from Morocco across Northern Africa to the Persian Gulf. The Arab world derives its strategic importance from the fact that around 60% of the earth’s oil reserves are at or near the Arabian Peninsula. For MNCs, the Arab world’s teeming youth population is another attraction. In the Middle East, 65 percent of the people are under 25 years of age. When compared with the demographics in Western countries, this fact has strong implications for businesses. N ot The Arab countries are religiously and ethnically diverse. The Arab world is a location of several world religions (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and a multitude of ethnic and linguistic groups. However, the predominant religion is Islam, and Arabic the dominant language. To be an Arab is a cultural trait rather than a racial one. Arab history and culture are based on tribalism. Some aspects of Arab culture are discussed here: Arab Worldview – It is based upon six concepts: Atomism: Arabs tend to focus on parts rather than on the whole. They tend to see the world and events as isolated incidents, snapshots, and particular moments in time. †¢ Faith: Arabs usually believe that almost all things in life are controlled by the will of God (fate) rather than by human beings. †¢ Wish Vs Reality: Arabs express emotion in a forceful and animated fashion. Their desire for modernity is contradicted by a desire for tradition (especially Islamic tradition). †¢ Importance of Justice and Equality: Arabs value justice and equality among Muslims, and to a lesser degree to others. All actions taken by non-Arabs will be weighed against tradition and religious standards. †¢ Family Vs Self: Arabic communities are tight-knit groups made up of even stronger family groups. Arabs tend to consider family pride and honor more important than individual honor. †¢ Paranoia: Many in the Arab world tend to be suspicious of any Western interest in or intent on their land. D o †¢ 2 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge Arab Customs †¢ Shame and honor: Honor, pride, and dignity are at the core of â€Å"shame† societies, such as the Arabs. For instance, admitting an error or lack of knowledge on a subject is distasteful to an Arab, as any admission of weakness (muruwwa) is equated with failure to be manly. Constructive criticism can, therefore, be taken as an insult. †¢ Family: The family is the center of honor, loyalty, and reputation for Arabs. Arab families are patriarchal in nature. †¢ Personal space: It is a high-contact culture. Most Arabs do not share the American/Western concept of â€Å"personal space† in public situations, and in private meetings or conversations. Stepping or leaning away may be taken as an offense. However, the rules are exactly the opposite while dealing with women. †¢ Socialization and trust: Arabs give a lot of importance to hospitality and allocate plenty of time for refreshment before attempting to engage in business. It is important to first establish respect and trust. When conducting business, it is customary to first shake the hand of all males present, taking care not to grip too firmly. Western Co p Arab y Arab Perspective Vs. Western Perspective Center of everything. (Father has first and last word. ) Important but not as central to individual. Friends Periphery, but courteous to all. Core to some, important to most. Honor Very important amongst Arabs. Honor will be protected and defended at all costs. Typically not as important. Shame Shame (especially concerning family) – avoided at all costs, insults and criticism taken very seriously. Typically not as important. Time Less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxed and slower than that in Western cultures. Very structured, deadlines must be met. Religion D o N ot Family Central to all things. Varies with individuals, very personal, not discussed in polite conversation. Society Family / tribe is most important Individual rights. Government Most governments are secular, but still emphasize religion. Purpose is to protect rights and improve standard of living. Age Age and wisdom honored. Youth and beauty praised. Wealth Wealth honored in both cultures. Wealth honored in both cultures. Adapted from http://graphics8. nytimes. com/images/blogs/thelede/posts/arabculture. pdf However, it must be emphasized that there is no â€Å"one† Arab culture or society. The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communities, groups, and cultures. Differences exist not only among countries, but within countries as well. For instance, though Arab women are typically subordinate to men in their societies, the extent varies by country. The most restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions exist in the urban areas of Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon. Moreover, what may be acceptable in cosmopolitan Dubai may not be acceptable in other parts of the UAE. 3 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge Any discussion regarding the culture of a group cannot get under way without some amount of generalization. However, while generalizations provide some insights on culture, they should be treated with caution and one should steer clear of stereotypes and misconceptions. Many feel that young people irrespective of their culture and nationality have similar tastes where music, clothes, computers, and issues with their parents are concerned. For instance, a recent study of Arab and Western youth, carried out by Penn, Schoen, and Berland Associates Inc. and The Nielsen Company, found numerous similarities between the two groups. Both Arab and Western youth placed equal importance on family and friends. Their consumer and lifestyle habits were found to be quite similar with both the groups indulging in similar activities, using similar technologies and having similar lifestyle habits. Both worried about their appearances and spent the majority of their disposable incomes on going out and shopping for clothes and shoes. Global brands such as Sony, iPod, Toyota, Nike, Nokia, Toshiba, McDonald’s, and Ford were viewed favorably by both the Arab and Western young people, and both viewed Europe as the top desired travel destination. However, the study also revealed certain differences. Some of the key differences identified are given here. Western youth were found to be generally pessimistic about the future, while Middle Eastern youth were generally optimistic. †¢ Religion was seen to be â€Å"enormously important† to Middle Eastern youth when compared to their Western peers. †¢ National identity and traditional values were extremely important to Arab youth, but not to their peers in the West. For Arab youth, â€Å"loss of traditional values and culture† was identified as one of the top three biggest challenges facing the world today, along with rising cost of living and corruption in government. †¢ Arab youth generally admired political, religious, and business leaders, while Western youth do not. †¢ Arab youth wanted to â€Å"make a difference,† while Western youth mostly wanted to â€Å"get ahead. † †¢ Middle East and Western male youths had very different opinions about gender equality in the workplace, with less than 6 in 10 Middle East males favoring it. 1 o N ot Co p y †¢ D MTV and the challenges posed by the prevalent culture MTVN had recognized the huge opportunity for growth in the Middle East. Considering that MTV was a youth brand, entering the market provided MTVN with the opportunity to tap the teeming youth population in the region. However, the main challenge the network faced was with regard to its controversial content. Its sexually explicit content had created controversies even in the Western markets, considered to be more tolerant. In view of the culture prevailing in the Arab world, the MTV fare was expected to kick up a storm. The culture in the largely Muslim Arab world is conservative. Gender separation is a key aspect of the culture and women are required to maintain their distance from men. Any public display of intimacy between men and women is strictly forbidden by the Arab social code. Women have little role in business or entertainment. They are also expected to cover their whole body, head, and face with veils/robes for reasons of modesty. The honor/shame aspect of the culture also implies that people who do not adhere to these rules bring shame to the family/tribe. Arabs have been known to react violently in such situations, with instances of honor killings also being reported. They also 1 â€Å"The Global Generation: A http://arabyouthsurvey. com/about. html. Cross-Cultural 4 Study of Arab and Western Youth,† MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge ake insults and criticism very seriously and can react in an extreme way to what they perceive as an insult. For instance, calling someone a ‘dog’ or showing the sole of the feet are considered grave insults and can evoke extreme reactions. So, it’s not particularly difficult to see why MTV had a major challenge on its hands. Its content (music videos and reality shows) could offend the cultura l sensibilities of people in the Arab world especially in terms of Excessive skin show †¢ Intermingling of genders †¢ Use of disparaging or swear words †¢ Off-color or obscene attempts at humor References to alcohol †¢ Discussion on religion, politics †¢ Gestures such as finger pointing, showing the soles of feet, etc. y †¢ ot Co p Another challenge before MTV was that the Arabs were generally considered paranoid by Western standards and they tended to be suspicious of any Western interest. MTV, in a way, stood for what the Arab world most reviled about Western/American culture. While MTV might argue that the values that it stood for were relevant to youth throughout the world, it may still be perceived as something contrary to Islamic ideals and the Arab culture. The launch of MTV in the Arab world could easily be perceived as an imposition of Western culture. Fanatics, or those who pretend to be guardians of Islam, could easily rake up the issue and create a lot of trouble for MTV. To complicate matters, the anti-American sentiments prevalent in a section of the Arab world too could pose steep challenges to MTV. o N One may argue that with globalization and the advancements in information and communication technology, youth across the globe share similar aspirations and consumption behavior. And that a section of the youth population in the Middle East did want MTV. However, ignoring the cultural differences is fraught with danger, as the Arab youth consider religion â€Å"enormously important† and â€Å"loss of traditional values and culture† as a key challenge. D 1. Critically analyze MTV’s strategy in the Middle East. Comment on its entry strategy and also its strategy of providing mixed content to the market. Do you think MTV will be able to succeed in this market? Operating internationally is usually fraught with political, technological, and socioeconomic uncertainties. The risks become higher when the company is venturing into a market that is very different from its home country/traditional markets. We have already seen that the business environment in the Middle East is very different from that in the Western countries. Entering this market with a brand as controversial as MTV was a huge challenge. Nevertheless, MTVN was able to launch the brand in the Middle East without creating any major controversies and it seemed to be making all the right strategic moves. MTVN’s extensive experience in operating in the global market came in handy while overcoming the challenges in entering the Middle East. It scanned the market well and decided on an entry strategy in partnership with a strong local player. With the help of the local partner, it researched the market further to fine tune its strategy. This helped the network gain important consumer insights and also provided it with the opportunity to allay the doubts/fears of the people on the launch of MTV. In doing so, the network recognized the importance of honor and dignity to the Arabs. This was also a good move as there is a long-standing tradition based on the Quran and the sayings of Muhammad whereby Arabs consult with senior members of the ruling families and/or the community regarding business decisions. 5 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge MTVN’s mixed content strategy (combination of music and other content/standardized and localized content) had been quite successful globally. In MTV Arabia, it localized its offering further by offering more Arabic content and also making certain other changes, such as, †¢ Minimal use of content that could cause controversy (skimpily-clad women, use of expletives, etc. ). A culturally sensitive team recruited from various countries from the Middle East was given the responsibility of ensuring this. This meant that some of the more controversial programs and videos, which are standard fare in other markets, were not aired on MTV Arabia. Arabic equivalents of popular reality shows were launched with careful consideration of socio-cultural issues. Arabic subtitles were provided for English language content. †¢ Considering that Islam was the dominant religion of the Middle East, MTV also gave an animated call for prayer during Namaaz (prayer) time. During the holy month of Ramadan, MTV Arabia also dropped its music videos. 2 Religion commonly underlies both moral and economic norms. In a region where religion is central to everything, such gestures could create goodwill and insensitivity may lead to extreme reaction. Co p y In addition to this, MTVN projected MTV Arabia as an Arab channel by the Arabs, which would help bring to the fore the music talent in the Arab world and also give a voice to the Arab youth. It made it clear from an early stage that MTV respected the Arab culture and said that the channel would help debunk various misconceptions regarding Arabs and the Arab world. Its decision to provide the Arab youth with a platform to showcase their talent was a good move considering the Arab youths’ desire to â€Å"make a difference†. ot The role of the local partner was very important, considering the business environment in the Middle East. The Arab Media Group was very well connected and this helped overcome political and regulatory hurdles to a great extent. It also helped the network gain entrance into Arab homes — a place that is considered very private by the Arabs — and so get consumer insights. D o N All in all, MTVN had an excellent public relations strategy and did megamarketing3 quite well. This not only helped it to tap the growing number of people in the Middle East who were exposed (and accustomed) to the Western lifestyle, but also the huge youth base that had tastes, preferences, and aspirations similar to their peers in other developed nations. MTVN’s decision to launch Nickelodeon Arabia in 2008 just a few months after the launch of MTV Arabia was another good move. This not only put MTVN in a position to tap the huge population of children in the Middle East, but also helped it strengthen its business relations with the local partner. Needless to say, it also provided MTVN with the opportunity to catch them young. MTV has, thus far, managed its strategy in the Middle East in a commendable way. In a market that was fed on Arabic pop music, it popularized Arabic hip-hop, a blend of Western-style hip-hop with both English and Arabic lyrics. Its ability to steer clear of controversy is commendable considering the culture in the region. However, while moving ahead, the MTVN faces a number of challenges. The numerous Arab music channels already in the market pose serious challenges to MTV. Many of these channels ape MTV and have very good knowledge of the market and excellent connections, and in such circumstances MTV’s strategy to provide a highly localized offering can prove to be disadvantageous. There is the potential threat of brand dilution, and MTV Arabia may actually find it difficult to differentiate itself. Another problem is the diversity in the Middle East. The network is faced with the question of how to ensure that the youth in Dubai and those in Jeddah relate to it in the same way. 2 3 http://www. arabianbusiness. com/528973-mtv-arabia-to-drop-music-videos-in-ramadan Megamarketing is a term coined by marketing expert, Philip Kotler, to describe the type of marketing activity required when it is necessary to manage elements of the firms external environment (governments, the media, pressure groups, etc) as well as the other marketing variables. 6 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge Notwithstanding the challenges, MTV with its extensive experience in the global market, seems to be in a good position to consolidate its position in the Middle East. It has been associated (positively and negatively) with bringing about changes in the culture in the markets it is aired. It is known to continuously push the limits (albeit in subtle ways) of what acceptable content is and what is not. For instance, it started out on a cautious note in India, a country in which many of the things that MTV stood for were considered taboo. The content it airs today in India would have been absolutely unacceptable when it was launched in the 1990s. MTV can do the same thing in the Middle East too. D o N ot Co p y MTVN’s strategy in global markets has been to initially tie up with a local partner and in course of time acquire the local company. But in this case, MTVN will be well-served if it adopts a more long term relationship with the Arab Media Group. Arabs value justice and equality among Muslims, and to a lesser degree among others. To cite one example, in late 2002, an unidentified man walked into a McDonald’s fast food restaurant in Saudi Arabia and set it on fire. The country’s interior minister was quoted as saying, â€Å"It’s an attack against the property of a Muslim, which constitutes an unacceptable act that we will fight using all possible means. †4 So, the risks associated in doing business in the Middle East could be significantly lower with a local partner. 4 â€Å"McDonald’s Torched in Saudi Attack,† www. bbc. c. uk, November 21, 2002. 7 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge References Suggested Readings: 1. Dirk Smillie, â€Å"Tuning in First Global TV Generation,† The Christian Science Monitor, June 4, 1997. 2. Kerry Capell, Catherine Belton, Tom Lowry, Manjeet Kripalani, Brian Bremner, and Dexter Roberts, â€Å"MTV’s World,† BusinessWeek, February 18, 2002. 3. â€Å"MTV to Launch Music TV Channels in Three Baltic States,† www. eubusiness. com, March 6, 2006. 4. Faisal Abbas, â€Å"Q with Showtime Arabias CEO Peter Einstein,† www. asharqe. com, June 29, 2006. 5. Faisal Abbas, â€Å"MTV Eyes Middle East Market,† www. asharq-e. com, August 8, 2006. 6. Brad Nemer, â€Å"How MTV Channels Innovation,† BusinessWeek, November 6, 2006. 7. â€Å"Arabian Television Network Partners with MTV to Launch MTV Arabiya,† www. ediame. com, December 27, 2006. y 8. Michael Learmonth, â€Å"MTV Maps Mideast Move,† www. variety. com, December 27, 2006. Co p 9. Iain Akerman, â€Å"MTV Hires Two Agencies for Launch of MTV Arabiya,† www. brandrepublic. com, May 23, 2007. 10. Salman Dossari, â€Å"A Talk With MTV Vice Chairman Bill Roedy,† www. as harq-e. com, July 23, 2007. 11. Ali Jaafar, â€Å"MTV Arabia Ready to Rock Middle East,† www. variety. com, September 25, 2007. ot 12. â€Å"MTV Arabia to be Launched Soon,† www. oceancreep. com, October 8, 2007. 13. Kerry Capell, â€Å"The Arab World Wants Its MTV,† www. businessweek. om, October 11, 2007. N 14. Lynne Roberts, â€Å"MTV Set for Middle East launch,† www. arabianbusiness. com, October 17, 2007. Launch Nickelodeon Arabia,† o 15. Stuart Kemp, â€Å"MTV, Arab Media to www. hollywoodreporter. com, October 17, 2007. D 16. Andrew Edgecliffe Johnson, â€Å"MTV Targets Muslim Countries as it Tunes in to Local Audiences,† www. theaustralian. news. com, October 18, 2007. 17. â€Å"Arab Media Group and MTV Networks International to Launch Nickelodeon Arabia in 2008,† www. ameinfo. com, October 20, 2007. 18. Von Andrew Edgecliffe Johnson, â€Å"MTV Tunes in to a Local Audience,† www. td. de, October 26, 2007, 19. â€Å"MTV Arabia to Launch November 17,† www. middleeastevents. com, October 27, 2007. 20. Ali Jaafar, â€Å"MTV Arabia Announces Lineup,† www. variety. com, October 28, 2007. 21. â€Å"MTV Arabia to Launch November 17,† www. mediame. com, October 28, 2007. 22. Irene Lew, â€Å"MTV Arabia to Launch in November,† www. worldscreen. com, October 29, 2007. 23. Sarah Raper Larenaudie, â€Å"MTV’s Arab Prizefight,† www. time. com, November 2, 2007. 24. Jolanta Chudy, â€Å"MTV’s Arab Net Thinking Locally,† www. hollywoodreporter. com, November 6, 2007. 8 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge 25. Matt Pomroy, â€Å"The Revolution Will be Televised,† www. arabianbusiness. com, November 15, 2007. 26. â€Å"Akon and Ludacris Dazzle The Desert in their Middle East Debuts to Celebrate the Launch of MTV Arabia,† www. dubaicityguide. com, November 16, 2007. 27. Adam Sherwin, â€Å"MTV Arabia to Feature Regional Talent and Tone Down Network’s Risque Content,† www. timesonline. co. uk, November 16, 2007. 28. Simeon Kerr and Peter Aspden, â€Å"MTV Arabia Beams ‘Bling’ to Gulf,† www. ft. com, November 17, 2007. 29. â€Å"MTV Launches New Arabic Service,† www. ews. bbc. co. uk, November 18, 2007. 30. â€Å"MTV Looks to Conquer Middle East Market,† www. aol. in, November 18, 2007. 31. â€Å"â€Å"MTV Arabia†: Will It Work? † www. scopical. com, November 19, 2007. 32. â€Å"MTV Aims to Win over Middle East,† www. cnn. com, November 19, 2007. 33. â€Å"Muslim Hip-hop Turban Wrote, That’s Good,† www. reuters. donga. com, November 19, 2007. Co p y 34. Barbara Surk, â€Å"MTV for Young Arab is Less Naughty,† www. cincinnati. com, November 21, 2007. 35. Barbara Surk, â€Å"MTV Launches Arab Music Video Channel,† www. theeagle. com, November 22, 2007. 36. Tamara Walid, â€Å"Finally Got My MTV,† www. arabianbusiness. com, November 22, 2007. 37. â€Å"Will the MTV Brand Change the Middle East? † www. brandchannel. com, December 2, 2007. ot 38. Irene Lew, â€Å"MTVNI Ups Singh,† www. worldscreen. com, April 30, 2008. 39. Dana El Baltaji, â€Å"I Want My MTV,† www. arabmediasociety. com, May 11, 2008. N 40. www. topfive. com 41. www. en. wikipedia. org 42. www. mtva. com D Book: o 43. www. viacom. com Helen Deresky, International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures (6th Edition), (Pearson Prentice Hall, Oct 2007) 9