Written Music Essay -- Music History

Written Music For a very long time music was not written down. It was sung or played from memory. As it was passed on from person to person, many changes crept into the tunes. A way of writing music down was needed so that it would be sung or played exactly as it had been composed. The name for written music that man developed is notation. The system of musical notation generally used today is the result of centuries of development- from about the end of the ninth century to the early 1700’s. This development began in the cathedrals in monasteries of the Roman Catholic Church. Since many of the Church’s services were sung, they were sung from memory. Towards the end of the ninth century dots and dashes and squiggles were written over the words in the church books. These signs, called neumes, showed the direction in which the melody should go. But they were still very vague. About 900 A.D. the music was made a little easier to read. The neumes were written at certain distances above or below the horizontal red line, representing the note F, to show how high or low...

African Actions Essay

During the late 1800s, Africa was put under immense pressure by the European powers as they scrambled to take over African territory. They were shoved into a corner and had limited options of getting out. One thing they refused to do was give in to the elites that were trying to overcome them. Africa as a whole reacted in three ways; diplomatically- as in respectively declining the Europeans offer and not giving up their land, violently- by fighting with what little firearms they had against the extremely advanced guns their opponents had, and in desperation- seeing no other option and no better way to get out so reacting in ways that were unexpected like women fighting and believing in a saving spirit that could protect them. These tactics worked for some African nations better than others, but in most cases the nation was still taken over in the end. At the beginning of Europeans scramble for Africa, the chiefs of the different African nations felt that they could solve this whole situation diplomatically. Europe tried to just take over the African government easily and painlessly, but the African nations refused to just let them take over. The British government tried to administer a standardized form to all areas around the Niger River and for the Royal Niger Company. This form would ensure that Europe would have control of the lower Niger River. The form stated that â€Å"the Royal Niger Company bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country† (1). They say that they will stay out of all African affairs but they really did not. Because of this, an Ashanti leader responded by saying â€Å"I am pleased to announce that we have arrived at the conclusion that my kingdom of Ashanti will never commit itself to any such policy† (2). The Ashanti nation wants to stay friendly with the British, but they don’t want to be controlled by them. The Ethiopian nation responded very similarly and said, â€Å"Since the All-Powerful has protected Ethiopia up until now, I am hopeful that he will keep and enlarge it also in the future, and I do not think for a moment that He will divide Ethiopia amount the distant Powers† (3). Ethiopia felt they didn’t need any â€Å"extra protection† from Europe when they were already fully protected by their God. Both of these nations politely declined, yet that wouldn’t necessarily stop these distant powers from invading. Another common reaction to the European invasion was violence. When they African nations refused to let Europe invade easily, Europe took control and just invaded. Obviously, the Africans felt this unacceptable. For example, in South Africa, Africans were being treated like slaves and were beat by the Europeans. They rebelled and fought with all the machinery they had but were completely demolished. A veteran of this rebellion stated â€Å"We made many charges but each time we were defeated. But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different† (4). The Africans felt that if the British wouldn’t have had the advantage of their heavier artillery, that they would’ve had a chance in winning. Even in an area near the Congo River the Africans felt it unfair they didn’t have the same weaponry. One African chief said, â€Å"You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice† (9). In both situations, they were really bitter after their losses and knew they could’ve won if the playing field was even. In Ethiopia, they leveled the playing field by getting equal artillery with the Europeans. In the picture presented in document 5, it shows violent resistance and an epic battle over the land. Once both sides had equal equipment, the Africans actually won the battle and pushed Europe out of their lands. All these people refused to go down without a fight because their land was all they had. The last most common reaction was desperation. Africans were desperate and didn’t feel they had many options but they had to do everything they could to keep life as they knew it was. One option they turned to was having the women fight. When some of the chiefs of the Ashanti were scared to fight, the Ashanti Queen stated â€Å"If you the men of Ashanti will not go forward, then we will. We the women will† (6). They would do anything to keep their nation from being taken over, even if the men wouldn’t do it the women would. This shows true desperation because at that point in time women could rarely participate in anything governmental, especially fighting in war, but they were willing to do anything. The Africans tried to encourage all other African nations to fight back as well. They knew that there was a high probability that they would die, which was why most nations weren’t fighting back, but one leader of the Herero people said to another African leader that they should â€Å"Let us die fighting rather than die as a result of maltreatment, imprisonment, or some other calamity. Tell all the chiefs down there to rise and do battle† (7). They figured if they were going to die either way, they should go down honorably and fight for what’s right. It was their last resort, but they knew it was what they needed to do. They even got to such a point that they started to believe in anything that could help them win. A German military officer recorded that in East Africa, â€Å"The chiefs spread it amount their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man†¦The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops† (8). The chiefs used whatever they could to get their people to believe that they could win this battle against the Europeans, for they were desperate and needed something to motivate their people into victory. The Africans were surprised at the major invasion that was unexpected, but they reacted in whatever way they could to keep their land from being taken over. Another document that could be helpful in understanding this situation more would be a document from the Europeans to the Africans trying to talk to them originally about the invasion and take over. It would help to know how the Europeans originally tried to peacefully talk to the Africans.

Job opportunities in performing arts Essay

The below information is a rough guide based on the information from the jobs4you website. There are over 500,000 people that work in the creative and cultural skills area of work, there are over 62,000 creative businesses in the UK, and 94% of the businesses only employ 10 people a year, so being an arts administrator is a very competitive area of work to get into. There are opportunities throughout the whole of the UK, in public and private organisations. You can get a job in theatre, concert halls, galleries, museums, exhibitions and festivals, etc. Jobs for admin are advertised in the local and national press, and through magazines such as the Arts Professional and The Stage. Qualifications Most of the employers ask for GCSEs at A-C in English and Maths, also it helps to have some relevant work experience. Some arts administrators have gone on to complete a degree, there are many degrees that offer relevant experience, for example business studies, arts management, music, drama or visual arts. The degrees normally last for 3 years, entry for a degree is normally at least two A levels. Entry for adults is a bit harder, so relevant work experience is required, for example: Administration or secretarial work, marketing or public relations, finance, performing arts, for example as a dancer or performer. Access courses are available for people that don’t have the relevant qualifications, and who would like to study a degree. In this job, many people train on the job, but they can take short courses to help develop or to produce new skills. There are many NVQs and SVQs that are relevant, these include: * NVQ/SVQ levels 3 and 4 in business and administration * NVQ/SVQ levels 2,3,4 and 5 in cultural heritage. A promotions manager in the music industry is specialised in finding any opportunities in publicity, this can be for all types of artists, for example a singer or instrumentalist. promotions managers may work with record labels and individual musicians or bands.

Differentiating Between Cedars and Junipers

Differentiating Between Cedars and Junipers Cedars and junipers are both evergreen coniferous  trees  belonging to the plant order  Pinales. They have many traits in common and are easily confused, in part because some trees commonly referred to as cedars are actually junipers. To sort out the confusion, it helps to take a closer look at the defining qualities of each tree. Cedar is the common name for a variety of trees, including both true cedars (those belonging to the genus  Cedrus) and false or New World cedars, which include a number of different trees from  separate but similar genera. Junipers are trees belonging to the genus  Juniperus. Some of these trees, despite being junipers, are commonly referred to as cedars, such as  Juniperus bermudiana, which is commonly known as the Bermuda cedar. True Cedars vs. False Cedars An important distinction needs to be made between true and false cedars. True cedars are members of the genus  Cedrus  and include species such as the Lebanon cedar, Atlas cedar, and Cyprus cedar. They are found in the Himalayas and the Mediterranean region and are often grown in parks and gardens. All true cedars are members of the pine family (Pinaceae). False cedars, sometimes known as New World cedars, are found in North America. They are members of the genera  Calocedrus,  Thuja, and  Chamaecyparis, all of which are part of the Cypress family (Cupressaceae). Some believe that these trees came to be called cedars because of their  aromatic wood, which resembles that of true cedars. Characteristics of Cedars Cedars are evergreen coniferous trees found throughout the world. They are usually tall and often feature fan-like foliage, small cones, or tiny pink flowers. The major cedars of North America- including the  Atlantic white cedar,  northern white cedar, giant sequoia, and western red cedar- all have flat, scale-like leaves and stringy bark.  They grow in the Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and along the Atlantic coast. The  Japanese red-cedar, originally cultivated in China, is used to produce strong, weather- and insect-resistant timber for building furniture and houses. Other cedars, including the Mexican white cedar and Australian red cedar, are also used to produce durable timber. The  Lebanon cedar- one of the true cedars- is mentioned numerous times in the Bible. It was supposedly used in the construction of Solomons Temple in Jerusalem. Characteristics of Junipers Junipers, like cedars, are also evergreen coniferous plants. Junipers, however, are  most commonly shrubs, though they can be trees as well. The plants often feature  berrylike, bluish, glaucous, bloomy cones on the tips of their shoots. Some junipers also have spiny needle-like leaves. Juniper trees, when they are fully grown, often resemble narrow columns. One of the best examples of this is  Juniperus virginiana, or the eastern red-cedar, one of the several cedars that are actually junipers. It is the most common juniper in eastern North America. The most common juniper in western North America is the Rocky Mountain juniper. All junipers produce small seed cones that resemble berries. The seed cones of the common juniper are sold as juniper berries. Juniper berries are a key ingredient in the production of gin.

Free Essays on Communications Situations

, pictures and consistency, such as Woolworths supermarket’s television advertisements are practicing. They are able to create a memorable slogan ‘The Fresh Food People’ for the Project Fresh campaign since 1986. The colour sc... Free Essays on Communications Situations Free Essays on Communications Situations Subject area: Communication situation is the situation in which consumers receive information about products and services that has an impact on their behaviour (Neal 2004: 37). These information can be transmitted through the use of marketing communications, such as television , radio, direct mail, newspaper, flyers, internet – email, magazines. Television marketing is a non-personal mass media channel that transmits messages to reach a wide and often non-contiguous audience. The five decision areas in the creative side of marketing communication message execution are message storytelling, tone and style, words, pictures and consistency that can affect a consumer’s awareness (Duncan 2005: 308). After understanding the television commercial message, a consumer undergoes the consumer decision process and decision on his/her lifestyle. Research: In terms of television marketing, the message storytelling, seek to bring a big idea alive in an attention-getting and memorable advertisement. The example of news announcement uses a straightforward, factual presentation and emphasises an appeal to reason the usefulness for new and existing products (Duncan 2005:309). The example of Oral-B toothbrush and toothpaste in the television commercial uses a professional dentist to make the announcement of their products to produce informative and persuasive appeals to target the audiences. A clever slogan used by Oral-B is ‘The Brand More Dentists Use Themselves’, provides a straight-selling approach in this channel (Gillette 2004:1). Tone and style refers to the general atmosphere of expression that is used, can influence both positive and negative consumer behaviour, awareness and credibility. Words, pictures and consistency, such as Woolworths supermarket’s television advertisements are practicing. They are able to create a memorable slogan ‘The Fresh Food People’ for the Project Fresh campaign since 1986. The colour sc...

Basic Accounting Assignment Essay Example for Free

Basic Accounting Assignment Essay Generally Accepted   Principles, Balance sheet, Accounts receivable, Income statement, Debt, Liability, Double-entry bookkeeping system, Accounts payable 1- Explain the collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and reporting process of accounting. – Collecting:- Data obtained from various sources with the help of appropriate measures is called collection of data. – Recording:- Arranging the data into its chronological form is called recording of data. – Classifying:- Division of data according to nature of events is called classification of data. – Ledger is used for classifying transactions – Posting is the process of transferring transactions from journal to ledger. Summarizing:- This involves presenting the classified data in a manner which is understandable and useful to the management and other interested parties. Follow statements are prepared:- – Income statement – Balance Sheet – Cash flow statement – Analyzing:- The comparison of data in a business is called analyzing of data. For example, analyzing of present data with past data, or actual data with projected data. – Reporting:- Forwarding the results to financial users like chairman, directors, managers etc. is called reporting of data. – Discuss in detail the nature of accounts i. e. assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital by giving examples. – Assets:- The resources of a business are called assets. They are of two types:- – Fixed Assets: Land, Building, Equipment, Vehicle etc. – Current Assets: Cash, cash at bank, A/c receivable, debtors, prepaid expenses. – Expenses:- The amount spent in a business wit h a view to gain profit in the future is called expense. Examples are rent expenses, salaries expenses, advertisement expenses etc. – Liabilities:- The financial responsibilities of the business for which it is liable are called liabilities. They are divided into two types:- – Fixed Liabilities (Bank Loan, Bonds Payable, Mortgage Payable. ) – Current Liabilities (Notes Payable, Unearned Income, Creditors. ) – Capital:- The amount of money invested by the owner in the business is called capital. – Revenue:- The incomes and the profits earned in the business through selling are called revenues. For example, Sales, Service revenue, Interest, commission earned. – Drawings:- The amount of money taken away by the proprietor for personal benefits is called Drawings. 3- Describe the accounting rule of debit and credit for accounts like assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital. – Assets – Increase in Asset is debit. – Decrease in Asset is credit. – Liabilities – Increase in liabilities is credit. – Decrease in liabilities is debit. – Revenues – Increase in revenues is credit. – Decrease in revenues is debit. – Expenses – Increase in expense is debit. – Decrease in expense is credit. – Capital – Increase in capital is credit. – Decrease in capital is debit. – Select any twenty categories from the above and identify a transaction that will have the required effect on the business. 1- Purchased Goods on credit 25,000. 2- Gave services for cash 5,000. 3- Brought cash in business 65,000. 4- Adjusting entry of out standing salaries 9000. 5- Wa ges wrongly debited to Sales 400. 6- Salaries wrongly debited to Drawings 600. 7- Paid to accounts payable in cash 1500. 8- Goods returned by customer worth 650. 9- Withdrew cash for personal use 550 Basic Accounting Assignment. (2018, Oct 26).

The Veterans Health Affairs Handbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Veterans Health Affairs Handbook - Essay Example As a medical student, I am aware of the growing demand for better health care in our country. This calls for more physicians and nurses as well as coordination of the two groups in offering health care, which is now prone to health care workforce problems. As such, I disregard the draft VHA Nursing Handbook that seeks to eliminate physician-led, team-based care within the VHA system since this will also prevent local facilities from providing such services thus jeopardizing primary health care. Moreover, I differ with medical practitioners who advocate for the independent use of nurses instead of physicians to address the health care workforce shortages since this will put the lives of most patients at a greater risk. Indeed, I think the best way to address these problems is to hire more staff and enhance integration and teamwork among all healthcare providers with a view of offering affordable and effective health care. Nevertheless, the draft VHA Nursing Handbook negates this appro ach as it fosters fragmentation in this sector.  Therefore, I think we should revise the draft VHA Nursing Handbook to reflect a team-based approach that will allow all parties in health care delivery to work together, share decisions and information to enhance healthcare delivery. Indeed, by enhancing integration and teamwork between VHA and physicians and APRNs, this draft would address fundamental challenges in health delivery. Furthermore, the draft should seek to offer longer-term solutions in the healthcare workforce instead of the questionable short-term measures it offers now. With these recommendations, I bet a revision of the draft VHA Nursing Handbook would suit the current healthcare needs.